PACS and Digital Radiology

PACS and digital radiology involve the acquisition, storage, transmission, and display of medical images using digital systems. Students learn how digital detectors capture data, how images are processed, how exposure indicators work, and how workstation tools assist in interpretation. Understanding PACS workflow is essential for modern radiology departments.

To build a strong foundation, begin with Radiographic Physics to understand how digital detectors respond to x rays. Review Film Critique to learn how digital processing affects image quality. Study Patient Care to understand how digital workflow improves efficiency and safety.

Summary: PACS and digital radiology manage the creation, processing, and distribution of digital images. Strengthen your understanding by reviewing physics, analyzing image quality, and exploring workflow improvements.


Digital Image Acquisition

Computed Radiography (CR)

Uses photostimulable phosphor plates and laser readers.

Direct Radiography (DR)

Flat‑panel detectors convert x rays directly to digital data.

Detector Characteristics

Includes MTF, DQE, SNR, and pixel size.


Digital Image Processing

Histogram Analysis

Determines brightness and contrast mapping.

Look‑Up Tables (LUTs)

Apply contrast curves to digital images.

Edge Enhancement

Improves detail visibility using algorithms.

Noise Reduction

Software smoothing to reduce quantum mottle.


Exposure Indicators

S‑Value (Fuji)

Inverse relationship to exposure.

EI (Agfa)

Direct relationship to detector exposure.

DI (Deviation Index)

Standardized indicator comparing target vs actual exposure.


DICOM and Image Standards

DICOM Format

Standard for storing and transmitting medical images.

DICOM Tags

Metadata including patient info, technique, and orientation.

HL7 Integration

Communication between PACS, RIS, and HIS.


PACS Workflow

Acquisition

Images captured and sent to PACS.

Routing

Automatic forwarding to radiologists and archives.

Archiving

Long‑term storage and redundancy systems.

Display

Workstation tools for measurement and interpretation.


Display Monitors & QC

GSDF Calibration

Ensures consistent grayscale display.

Primary vs Secondary Monitors

Diagnostic vs non‑diagnostic display standards.

Monitor QC

Daily and monthly tests for luminance and uniformity.


Digital Imaging Artifacts

Dead Pixels

Detector defects causing black or white dots.

Stitching Errors

Misalignment in long‑length imaging.

Processing Errors

Incorrect LUT or histogram selection.


Cybersecurity in Medical Imaging

HIPAA Compliance

Protecting patient data in digital systems.

Ransomware Risks

PACS vulnerability and mitigation strategies.

Secure Transmission

Encrypted DICOM communication.


Major PACS and Digital Radiology Websites

Radiopaedia

Digital imaging cases and explanations.

DICOM Standard

Official DICOM documentation and tools.

AAPM

Digital imaging physics and QC guidelines.

RSNA

Educational digital imaging content.

AuntMinnie

Digital radiology news and PACS updates.

Siemens Digital Health

PACS, workflow, and imaging IT solutions.

GE Healthcare

Digital imaging and PACS technologies.

Carestream Health

Digital radiography and PACS systems.

PubMed

Digital imaging research articles.

ScienceDirect

Digital radiology studies.

Radiology Cafe

PACS and imaging workflow guides.